The UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) covers internationally designated protected areas, each known as biosphere reserves, that are meant to demonstrate a balanced relationship between people and nature (e.g. encourage sustainable development).
Understand
UNESCO describes the reserves as follows:
Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Each reserve promotes solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.
Biosphere reserves are ‘Science for Sustainability support sites’ – special places for testing interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and ecological systems, including conflict prevention and management of biodiversity.
Mission
The World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) of the MAB Programme consists of a dynamic and interactive network of sites. It works to foster the harmonious integration of people and nature for sustainable development through participatory dialogue, knowledge sharing, poverty reduction, human well-being improvements, respect for cultural values and by improving society’s ability to cope with climate change. It promotes North-South and South-South collaboration and represents a unique tool for international cooperation through the exchange of experiences and know-how, capacity-building and the promotion of best practices.
The network
As of 2019 total membership had reached 686 biosphere reserves in 122 countries (including 20 transboundary sites) occurring in all regions of the world. Myanmar had its first biosphere reserve inscribed in 2015. This already takes into account some biosphere reserves that have been withdrawn or revised through the years, as the program’s focus has shifted from simple protection of nature to areas displaying close interaction between man and environment.
UNESCO region |
Number of
biosphere reserves |
Number of
countries |
African States |
79 |
28 |
Arab States |
33 |
12 |
Asia and the Pacific |
152 |
24 |
Europe and North America |
292 |
37 |
Latin America and the Caribbean |
130 |
21 |
1 Includes the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean, shared between Morocco and Spain
* Source – UNESCO Directory of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR), 2019
Criteria and periodic review process
Article 4 of the defines the criteria for Biosphere Reserves, including
it should encompass a mosaic of ecological systems representative of major biogeographical regions, including a graduation of human interventions
It should be of significance for biological diversity conservation
It should provide an opportunity to explore and demonstrate approaches to sustainable development on a regional scale
It should have an appropriate size to fulfil the three functions of biosphere reserves (conservation, development, logistic support)
It should include these functions through appropriate zonation, recognising core, buffer and outer transition zones.
Article 9 of the Statutory Framework states that “the status of each biosphere reserve should be subject to a periodic review every ten years, based on a report prepared by the concerned authority, on the basis of the criteria of Article 4″. If a biosphere reserve no longer satisfies the criteria contained in Article 4, it may be recommended the state concerned take measures to ensure conformity. Should a biosphere reserve still does not satisfy the criteria contained in Article 4, within a reasonable period, the area will no longer be referred to as a biosphere reserve which is part of the network.
Withdrawls
Article 9 of the Statutory Framework gives a state the right to remove a biosphere reserve under its jurisdiction from the network. As of 2018, a total of 45 sites had been withdrawn from the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by 9 countries. Some reserves have been withdrawn after they no longer met newer, stricter criteria for reserves, for example on zonation or area size.
In June 2017, during the International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB ICC) meeting in Paris, the United States has withdrawn 17 sites (out of the country’s previous total of 47 sites) from the program.
UNESCO World Heritage List
Africa
Algeria
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Tassili N’Ajjer |
|
1986 |
|
|
El Kala |
|
1990 |
2002 |
|
Djurdjura |
|
1997 |
2011 |
|
Chrea |
|
2002 |
|
|
Taza |
|
2004 |
|
|
Gouraya |
|
2004 |
|
|
Benin
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Pendjari |
|
1986 |
1999 |
|
W region |
|
2002 |
|
Shared with Burkina Fasoand Niger |
Burkina Faso
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mare aux hippopotames |
|
1986 |
1998 |
|
W region |
|
2002 |
|
Shared with Benin and Niger |
Cameroon
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Waza |
|
1979 |
2006 |
|
Benoué |
|
1981 |
2006 |
|
Dja |
|
1981 |
2006 |
|
Central African Republic
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Basse-Lobaye |
|
1977 |
|
|
Bamingui-Bangoran |
|
1979 |
|
|
Republic of the Congo
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Odzala |
|
1977 |
|
|
Dimonika |
|
1988 |
|
|
Democratic Republic of Congo
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Yangambi |
|
1976 |
1998 |
|
Luki |
|
1976 |
1998 |
|
Lufira |
|
1982 |
1998 |
|
Côte d’Ivoire
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Taï |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Comoé |
|
1983 |
1999 |
|
Egypt
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Omayed |
|
1981 |
2001 |
Extended in 1998 |
Wadi Allaqi |
|
1993 |
2004, 2012 |
|
Ethiopia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Kafa |
|
2010 |
|
|
Yayu |
|
2010 |
|
|
Sheka |
|
2012 |
|
|
Gabon
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Ipassa-Makokou |
|
1983 |
1998 |
|
Ghana
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Bia |
|
1983 |
1998 |
|
Songor |
|
2011 |
|
|
Guinea
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mont Nimba |
|
1980 |
2004 |
|
Massif du Ziama |
|
1980 |
2004 |
|
Badiar |
|
2002 |
|
|
Haut Niger |
|
2002 |
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Boloma Bijagós |
|
1996 |
|
|
Kenya
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mount Kenya |
|
1978 |
|
|
Mount Kulai |
|
1978 |
2011 |
|
Malindi-Watamu |
|
1979 |
|
|
Kiunga |
|
1980 |
|
|
Amboseli |
|
1991 |
2003 |
|
Mount Elgon |
|
2003 |
|
|
Madagascar
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mananara Nord |
|
1990 |
2012 |
|
Sahamalaza-Iles Radma |
|
2001 |
2012 |
|
Littoral de Toliara |
|
2003 |
|
|
Malawi
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mount Mulanje |
|
2000 |
|
|
Lake Chilwa Wetland |
|
2006 |
|
|
Mali
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Bouclé du Baoule |
|
1982 |
1998 |
|
Mauritania
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Delta du Fleuve Sénégal |
|
2005 |
|
Shared with Senegal |
Mauritius
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Macchabee/Bel Ombre |
|
1977 |
1998 |
|
Morocco
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Arganeraie |
|
1998 |
2010 |
|
Oasis du sud marocain |
|
2000 |
|
|
Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean |
|
2006 |
|
Shared with Spain |
Niger
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Aïr et Ténéré |
|
1997 |
2009 |
|
W region |
|
2002 |
2013 |
Shared with Benin and Burkina Faso |
Nigeria
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Omo |
|
1977 |
1998 |
|
Rwanda
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Volcans |
|
1983 |
|
|
São Tomé and Príncipe
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
The Island of Principe |
|
2012 |
|
|
Senegal
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Samba Dia |
|
1979 |
1999 |
|
Delta du Saloum |
|
1980 |
1999 |
|
Niokolo-Koba |
|
1981 |
1999 |
|
Delta du Fleuve Sénégal |
|
2005 |
|
Shared with Mauritania |
Ferlo |
|
2012 |
|
|
South Africa
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Kogelberg |
|
1998 |
2010 |
|
Cape West Coast |
|
2000 |
|
Extended in 2003 |
Waterberg |
|
2001 |
2013 |
|
Kruger to Canyons |
|
2001 |
2013 |
|
Cape Winelands |
|
2007 |
|
|
Vhembe |
|
2009 |
|
|
Sudan
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Dinder |
|
1979 |
2001, 2012 |
|
Radom |
|
1979 |
2001 |
|
Tanzania
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Lake Manyara |
|
1981 |
|
|
Serengeti-Ngorongoro |
|
1981 |
|
|
East Usambara |
|
2000 |
|
|
Togo
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Oti-Kéran/Oti-Mandouri |
|
2011 |
|
|
Tunisia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Djebel Bou-Hedma |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Djebel Chambi |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Ichkeul |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Iles Zembra et Zembretta |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Uganda
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Queen Elizabeth |
|
1979 |
1998 |
|
Mount Egon |
|
2005 |
|
|
Zimbabwe
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Middle Zambezi |
|
2010 |
|
|
Asia
Cambodia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Tonle Sap |
|
1997 |
2012 |
|
China
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Changbaishan |
|
1979 |
1998 |
|
Dingushan |
|
1979 |
1998 |
|
Wolong |
|
1979 |
1998 |
|
Fanjingshan |
|
1986 |
1999 |
|
Xilin Gol |
|
1987 |
1999 |
|
Wuyishan |
|
1987 |
1999 |
|
Bodega |
|
1990 |
2001 |
|
Shennongjia |
|
1990 |
2011 |
|
Yancheng |
|
1992 |
2003 |
|
Xishuangbanna |
|
1993 |
2004 |
|
Maolan |
|
1996 |
2007 |
|
Tianmushan |
|
1996 |
2007 |
|
Fenglin |
|
1997 |
2009 |
|
Jiuzhaigou Valley |
|
1997 |
2011 |
|
Nanji Islands |
|
1998 |
2011 |
|
Shankou Mangrove |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Baishujiang |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Gaoligong Mountain |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Huanglong |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Baotianman |
|
2001 |
2012 |
|
Saihan Wula |
|
2001 |
2012 |
|
Dalai Lake |
|
2002 |
|
|
Wudalianchi |
|
2003 |
|
|
Yading |
|
2003 |
|
|
Foping |
|
2004 |
|
|
Qomolangma |
|
2004 |
|
|
Chabaling |
|
2007 |
|
|
Xingkai Lake |
|
2007 |
|
|
Mao’er Mountain |
|
2011 |
|
|
Jinggangshan |
|
2012 |
|
|
Niubeiliang |
|
2012 |
|
|
Snake Island, Laotie Mountain |
|
2013 |
|
|
India
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Nilgiri |
|
2000 |
2012 |
|
Gulf of Mannar |
|
2001 |
2013 |
|
Sunderban |
|
2001 |
2013 |
|
Nanda Devi |
|
2004 |
|
|
Nokrek |
|
2009 |
|
|
Pachmarhi |
|
2009 |
|
|
Similpal |
|
2009 |
|
|
Achanmar-Amarkantak |
|
2012 |
|
|
Great Nicobar |
|
2013 |
|
|
Indonesia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Cibodas |
|
1977 |
2011 |
|
Komodo |
|
1977 |
1999,2013 |
|
Lore Lindu |
|
1977 |
1999,2013 |
|
Tanjung Puting |
|
1977 |
1998, 2013 |
|
Gunung Leuser |
|
1981 |
1999, 2013 |
|
Siberut |
|
1981 |
1999, 2013 |
|
Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu |
|
2009 |
|
|
Wakatobi |
|
2012 |
|
|
Iran
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Arasbaran |
|
1976 |
2002, 2013 |
|
Arjan |
|
1976 |
2002, 2013 |
|
Geno |
|
1976 |
2002, 2013 |
|
Golestan |
|
1976 |
2002, 2013 |
|
Hara |
|
1976 |
2002, 2013 |
|
Kavir |
|
1976 |
2002, 2013 |
|
Lake Oromeeh |
|
1976 |
2002, 2013 |
|
Miankaleh |
|
1976 |
2002, 2013 |
|
Touran |
|
1976 |
2002, 2013 |
|
Dena |
|
2010 |
|
|
Israel
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mount Carmel |
|
1996 |
2007 |
|
Ramat Menashe |
|
2011 |
|
|
Japan
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mount Hakusan |
|
1980 |
1999 |
|
Mount Odaigahara & Mount Omine |
|
1980 |
1999 |
|
Shiga Highland |
|
1980 |
1999 |
Extended in 2014 |
Yakushima Island |
|
1980 |
1999 |
|
Aya |
|
2012 |
|
|
Minami-Alps |
|
2014 |
|
|
Tadami |
|
2014 |
|
|
Jordan
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Dana |
|
1998 |
|
|
Mujib |
|
2011 |
|
|
Kazakhstan
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Korgalzhyn |
|
2012 |
|
|
Alakol |
|
2013 |
|
|
Ak-Zhayik |
|
2014 |
|
|
Katon-Karagay |
|
2014 |
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Sary-Chelek |
|
1978 |
2013 |
|
Issyk Kul |
|
2001 |
2013 |
|
Lebanon
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Shouf |
|
2005 |
|
|
Jabal Al Rihane |
|
2007 |
|
|
Jabal Moussa |
|
2009 |
|
|
Malaysia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Tasik Chini |
|
2009 |
|
|
Crocker Range |
|
2014 |
|
|
Maldives
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Baa Atoll |
|
2009 |
|
|
Mongolia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Great Gobi |
|
1990 |
|
|
Bogd Khan Uul |
|
1996 |
|
|
Uvs Nuur Basin |
|
1997 |
|
|
Hustai Nuruu |
|
2002 |
|
|
Dornod Mongol |
|
2005 |
|
|
Mongol Daguur |
|
2007 |
|
|
North Korea
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mount Paekdu |
|
1989 |
2002 |
|
Mount Kuwol |
|
2004 |
|
|
Mount Myohyang |
|
2009 |
|
|
Mount Chilbo |
|
2014 |
|
|
Pakistan
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Lal Suhanra |
|
1977 |
1998 |
|
Ziarat Juniper Forest |
|
2013 |
|
|
Philippines
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Puerto Galera |
|
1977 |
|
|
Palawan |
|
1990 |
2012 |
|
Qatar
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Al Reem |
|
2007 |
|
|
South Korea
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mount Sorak |
|
1982 |
1998, 2013 |
|
Jeju Island |
|
2002 |
2013 |
|
Shinhan Dadohae |
|
2009 |
|
|
Gwangneung Forest |
|
2010 |
|
|
Gochang |
|
2013 |
|
|
Sri Lanka
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Hurulu |
|
1977 |
1998 |
|
Sinharaja |
|
1978 |
1998, 2004 |
|
Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadenya |
|
2004 |
|
|
Bundala |
|
2005 |
|
|
Syria
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Lajat |
|
2009 |
|
|
Thailand
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Sakaerat |
|
1976 |
1999 |
|
Hauy Tak Teak |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Mae Sa-Kog Ma |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Ranong |
|
1997 |
2011 |
|
Turkmenistan
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Repetek |
|
1978 |
2005 |
|
United Arab Emirates
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Marawah |
|
2007 |
|
|
Uzbekistan
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mount Chatkal |
|
1978 |
1999 |
|
Vietnam
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Can Gio Mangrove |
|
2001 |
2011 |
|
Dong Nai |
|
2001 |
2012 |
Formerly Cat Tien, extended in 2011 |
Cat Ba |
|
2004 |
|
|
Red River Delta |
|
2004 |
|
|
Kien Giang |
|
2006 |
|
|
Western Nghe An |
|
2007 |
|
|
Mui Ca Mau |
|
2009 |
|
|
Cu Lao Cham-Hoi An |
|
2009 |
|
|
Yemen
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Socotra Archipelago |
|
2003 |
|
|
Bura’a |
|
2011 |
|
|
Europe
Albania
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Ohrid-Prespa |
|
2014 |
|
|
Austria
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Gossenköllesee |
|
1977 |
|
|
Gurgler Kamm |
|
1977 |
|
|
Lobau |
|
1977 |
1998 |
|
Neusiedler See |
|
1977 |
1998 |
|
Grosses Walsertal |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Wienerwald |
|
2005 |
|
|
Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge |
|
2012 |
|
|
Belarus
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Berezinskiy |
|
1978 |
1998, 2011 |
|
Belovezhkaya Pushcha |
|
1993 |
2005, 2011 |
|
West Polesie |
|
2003 |
|
Shared with Poland and Ukraine |
Bulgaria
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Steneto |
|
1977 |
|
|
Alibotouch |
|
1977 |
|
|
Bistrichko Branichté |
|
1977 |
|
|
Boitine |
|
1977 |
|
|
Djendema |
|
1977 |
|
|
Doupkata |
|
1977 |
|
|
Doupki-Djindjiritza |
|
1977 |
|
|
Kamtchia |
|
1977 |
|
|
Koupena |
|
1977 |
|
|
Mantaritza |
|
1977 |
|
|
Ouzounboudjak |
|
1977 |
|
|
Parangalitza |
|
1977 |
|
|
Srébarna |
|
1977 |
|
|
Tchervenata Sténa |
|
1977 |
|
|
Tchoupréné |
|
1977 |
|
|
Tsaritchina |
|
1977 |
|
|
Croatia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Velebit Mountain |
|
1977 |
1998, 2003 |
|
Mura Drava Danube |
|
2012 |
|
Shared with Hungary |
Czech Republic
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Krivoklátsko |
|
1977 |
1998 |
|
Trebon Basin |
|
1977 |
1998 |
Shared with Hungary |
Lower Morava |
|
1986 |
|
Extended and renamed in 2003 |
Sumava |
|
1990 |
|
|
Krkokonose/Karkonosze |
|
1992 |
2012 |
Shared with Poland |
Bílé Karpathy |
|
1996 |
2012 |
|
Denmark
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
North-East Greenland |
|
1977 |
|
|
Estonia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
West Estonian Archipelago |
|
1990 |
2005 |
|
Finland
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
North Karelian |
|
1992 |
2009 |
Extended in 2009 |
Archipelago Sea Area |
|
1994 |
2006 |
|
France
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Commune de Fakarava |
|
1977 |
|
Extended and renamed in 2006 |
Vallée du Fango |
|
1977 |
1998 |
Extended in 1990 |
Camargue |
|
1977 |
2000, 2006 |
Extended in 2006 |
Cévennes |
|
1984 |
1998 |
|
Iles et Mer d’Iroise |
|
1988 |
2001 |
Extended and renamed in 2012 |
Mont Ventoux |
|
1990 |
2007 |
|
Archipel de la Guadeloupe |
|
1992 |
|
|
Luberon-Lure |
|
1997 |
2010 |
|
Fontainebleau et du Gâtinais |
|
1998 |
2010 |
Extended and renamed in 2010 |
Vosges du Nord/Pfälzerwald |
|
1998 |
2000,2011 |
Shared with Germany |
Basin de la Dordogne |
|
2012 |
|
|
Marais Audomarois |
|
2013 |
|
|
Mont-Viso/Area della Biosfera del Monviso |
|
2013 |
|
Shared with Italy |
Germany
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Flusslandschaft Elbe |
|
1979 |
2002,2009 |
|
Vessertal-Thüringen Forest |
|
1979 |
2002, 2012 |
Extended in 1987, 1990 |
Berechtsgadener Land |
|
1990 |
2003, 2013 |
|
Wadden Sea and Hallig Islands of Schleswig-Holstein |
|
1990 |
2006 |
Extended and renamed in 2004 |
Schorfheide-Choring |
|
1990 |
2003, 2013 |
|
Spreewald |
|
1991 |
2003, 2013 |
|
South-east Rügen |
|
1991 |
2004 |
|
Rhön |
|
1991 |
2004 |
|
Waddensea of Lower Saxony |
|
1992 |
2006 |
|
Waddensea of Hamburg |
|
1992 |
2006 |
|
Oberlausitzer Heide- und Teichlandschaft |
|
1996 |
2007 |
|
Schaalsee |
|
2000 |
2012 |
|
Vosges du Nord/Pfälzerwald |
|
1998 |
2004, 2011 |
Shared with France |
Bliesgau |
|
2009 |
|
|
Schwäbische Alb |
|
2013 |
|
|
Greece
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Gorge of Samaria |
|
1981 |
1999 |
|
Mount Olympus |
|
1981 |
1999 |
|
Hungary
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Aggtelek |
|
1979 |
2007 |
|
Hortobágy |
|
1979 |
2007 |
|
Kiskunság |
|
1979 |
2007 |
|
Lake Fertö |
|
1979 |
2007 |
|
Pilis |
|
1980 |
2007 |
|
Mura Drava Danube |
|
2012 |
|
Shared with Croatia |
Italy
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Collemeluccio-Montedimezzo |
|
1977 |
2012 |
|
Circeo |
|
1977 |
2012, 2013 |
|
Miramare |
|
1979 |
1999, 2011 |
|
Cilento and Valle di Diano |
|
1997 |
2013 |
|
Somma-Vesuvio and Miglio d’Oro |
|
1997 |
2013 |
|
Valle del Ticino |
|
2002 |
2013 |
|
Tuscan Islands |
|
2003 |
|
|
Selva Pisana |
|
2004 |
|
|
Mont-Viso/Area della Biosfera del Monviso |
|
2013 |
|
Shared with France |
Sila |
|
2014 |
|
|
Latvia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
North Vidzeme |
|
1997 |
2013 |
|
Lithuania
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Zuvintas |
|
2011 |
|
|
Montenegro
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Tara River Basin |
|
1976 |
|
|
Netherlands
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Waddensea Area |
|
1986 |
2012 |
|
North Macedonia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Ohrid-Prespa |
|
2014 |
|
|
Poland
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Babia Gora |
|
1976 |
2000, 2013 |
Extended in 1997, 2001 |
Bialowieza |
|
1976 |
1998, 2013 |
Extended in 2005 |
Lukajno Lake |
|
1976 |
1999, 2011 |
|
Slowinski |
|
1976 |
1998, 2013 |
|
Krkonose/Karkonosze |
|
1992 |
2012 |
Shared with the Czech Republic |
Tatra |
|
1992 |
2013 |
Shared with Slovakia |
East Carpathians |
|
1998 |
2013 |
Shared with Slovakia and Ukraine |
Puszcza Kampinoska |
|
2000 |
2013 |
|
Tuchola Forest |
|
2010 |
|
|
West Polesie |
|
2012 |
|
Shared with Belarus and Ukraine |
Portugal
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Paúl do Boquilobo |
|
1981 |
|
|
Corvo Island |
|
2007 |
|
|
Graciosa Island |
|
2007 |
|
|
Flores Island |
|
2009 |
|
|
Geres/Xures |
|
2009 |
|
Shared with Spain |
Berlengas |
|
2011 |
|
|
Santana Madeira |
|
2011 |
|
|
Romania
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Pietrosul Mare |
|
1979 |
1998 |
|
Retezat |
|
1979 |
1998 |
|
Danube Delta |
|
1998 |
2003 |
Shared with Ukraine |
Russia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Kavkazskiy |
|
1978 |
1998 |
|
Okskiy |
|
1978 |
1998 |
Part of Oka River Valley until 2000 |
Sikhote-Alin |
|
1978 |
1998 |
|
Tsentral’nochernozem |
|
1978 |
1999 |
|
Astrakhanskiy |
|
1984 |
2006 |
|
Kronotskiy |
|
1984 |
2005 |
|
Laplandskiy |
|
1984 |
1998 |
|
Pechoro-Ilychskiy |
|
1984 |
1998 |
|
Sayano-Shusenskiy |
|
1984 |
1998 |
|
Sokhondinskiy |
|
1984 |
1998 |
|
Voronezhskiy |
|
1984 |
1998 |
|
Tsentral’nolesnoy |
|
1985 |
1999 |
|
Baikalskyi |
|
1986 |
2005 |
Part of Lake Baikal until 2000 |
Tzentralnosibirskii |
|
1986 |
2005 |
|
Chernyje Zemli |
|
1993 |
2009 |
|
Taimyrsky |
|
1995 |
2009 |
|
Ubsurnorskaya Kotlovina |
|
1997 |
2009 |
|
Daursky |
|
1997 |
2009 |
|
Teberda |
|
1997 |
2009 |
|
Katunsky |
|
2000 |
|
|
Prioksko-Terrasnyi |
|
1978 |
1999 |
Part of Oka River Valley until 2000 |
Barguzinskyi |
|
1986 |
2012 |
Part of Lake Baikal until 2000 |
Nerusso-Desnianskoe-Polesie |
|
2001 |
|
|
Visimskiy |
|
2001 |
|
|
Vodlozersky |
|
2001 |
2012 |
|
Commander Islands |
|
2002 |
|
|
Darvinskiy |
|
2002 |
2013 |
|
Nijegorodskoe Zavolje |
|
2002 |
|
|
Smolensk Lakeland |
|
2002 |
2013 |
|
Ugra |
|
2002 |
2013 |
|
Far East Marine |
|
2003 |
|
|
Kedrovaya Pad |
|
2004 |
|
|
Kenozersky |
|
2004 |
|
|
Valdaiskiy |
|
2004 |
|
|
Khankaiskiy |
|
2005 |
|
|
Great Volzhsko-Kamsky |
|
2005 |
|
Composed of Raifa, Sarali, Spassky and Siyazhsky units |
Middle-Volga Integrated |
|
2006 |
|
|
Rostovsky |
|
2008 |
|
|
Altaisky |
|
2009 |
|
|
Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain |
|
2001 |
|
|
Bashkirskiyi Ural |
|
2012 |
|
|
Serbia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Golija-Studenica |
|
2001 |
2012 |
|
Slovakia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Slovensky Kras |
|
1977 |
1998, 2013 |
|
Polana |
|
1990 |
2001, 2013 |
|
Tatra |
|
1992 |
|
Shared with Poland |
East Carpathians |
|
1998 |
|
Shared with Poland and Ukraine |
Slovenia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Julian Alps |
|
2003 |
|
|
The Karst |
|
2004 |
|
|
Kozjansko & Obsotelje |
|
2010 |
|
|
Spain
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Grazalema |
|
1977 |
2004 |
|
Ordesa-Viñamala |
|
1977 |
2000, 2011 |
Extended in 2013 |
Montseny |
|
1978 |
2000, 2011 |
|
Doñana |
|
1980 |
2004 |
|
Mancha Húmeda |
|
1980 |
2002 |
|
Las Sierras de Cazorla y Segura |
|
1983 |
2004 |
|
Marismas del Odiel |
|
1983 |
2004 |
|
La Palma |
|
1983 |
|
Extended and renamed 1997, 2002 |
Urdaibai |
|
1984 |
2000, 2011 |
|
Sierra Nevada |
|
1986 |
2000 |
|
Cuenca Alta del Río Manzanares |
|
1992 |
2006 |
|
Lanzarote |
|
1993 |
2007 |
|
Menorca |
|
1993 |
2006 |
Change in zonation 2004 |
Sierra de las Nieves y su Entorno |
|
1995 |
2007 |
|
Cabo de Gata-Nijar |
|
1997 |
2011 |
|
Isla de El Hierro |
|
2000 |
2013 |
|
Barderas Reales |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Muniellos |
|
2000 |
|
Extended in 2003 |
Somiedo |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Redes |
|
2001 |
2013 |
|
Las Dehesas de Sierra Morena |
|
2002 |
|
|
Terras de Miño |
|
2002 |
|
|
Valle de Laciana |
|
2003 |
|
|
Picos de Europa |
|
2003 |
|
|
Monfragüe |
|
2003 |
|
|
Valles de JUbera, Leza, Cidacos y Alhama |
|
2003 |
|
|
Babia |
|
2004 |
|
|
Área de Allariz |
|
2005 |
|
|
Gran Canaria |
|
2005 |
|
|
Sierra del Rincón |
|
2005 |
|
|
Los Valles de Omaña y Luna |
|
2005 |
|
|
Alto de Bernesga |
|
2005 |
|
|
Los Argüellos |
|
2005 |
|
|
Os Ancares Lucenses y Montes de Cervantes, Navya y Becerra |
|
2006 |
|
|
Los Ancares Leoneses |
|
2006 |
|
|
Intercontinental Biospehere Reserve of the Mediterranean |
|
2006 |
|
Shared with Morocco |
Rio Eo, Oscos y Terras de Buron |
|
2007 |
|
|
Geres/Xures |
|
2009 |
|
Shared with Portugal |
La Gomera |
|
2012 |
|
|
Las Ubiñas-La Mesa |
|
2012 |
|
|
Mariñas Coruñesas e Terras do Mandeo |
|
2012 |
|
|
Real Sitio de San Ildefonso-El Espinar |
|
2013 |
|
|
Terres de l’Ebre, Catalonia |
|
2013 |
|
|
Sweden
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Kristianstad Vattenrike |
|
2005 |
|
|
Lake Vänern Archipelago |
|
2010 |
|
|
Blekinge Archipelago |
|
2011 |
|
|
Nedre Dalälven River Landscape |
|
2011 |
|
|
East Vättern landscape |
|
2012 |
|
|
Switzerland
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Reservat da Biosfera Val Müstair-Parc Naziunal |
|
1979 |
|
Extended and renamed in 2010 |
Entlebuch |
|
2001 |
2012 |
|
Turkey
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Camil |
|
2005 |
|
|
Ukraine
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Chernomorskiy |
|
1984 |
1998, 1999, 2012 |
|
Askaniya-Nova |
|
1985 |
1998, 2012 |
|
Carpathian |
|
1992 |
2003 |
|
Danube Delta |
|
1998 |
2010 |
Shared with Romania |
East Carpathians |
|
1998 |
|
Shared with Poland and Slovakia |
Desnianskyi |
|
2009 |
|
|
West Polesie |
|
2012 |
|
Shared with Belarus and Poland. Extended and renamed in 2012. |
United Kingdom
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Beinn Eighe |
|
1976 |
|
|
Braunton Burrow-North Devon |
|
1976 |
|
Extended in 2002. |
Biosiffer Dyfi |
|
1977 |
|
Extended and renamed in 2009. |
Galloway and southern Ayrshire |
|
2012 |
|
|
Brighton and Lewes Downs |
|
2014 |
|
|
North America
Canada
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mont Saint Hilaire |
|
1978 |
1998, 2009 |
|
Waterton |
|
1979 |
1998, 2009 |
|
Long Point |
|
1986 |
2001, 2012 |
|
Riding Mountain |
|
1986 |
2001, 2013 |
|
Charlevoix |
|
1988 |
2003 |
|
Niagara Escarpment |
|
1990 |
2002 |
|
Clayoquot Sound |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Redberry Lake |
|
2000 |
2012 |
|
Lac Saint-Pierre |
|
2000 |
2012 |
|
Mount Arrowsmith |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
South West Nova |
|
2001 |
2012 |
|
Thousand Islands-Frontenac Arch |
|
2002 |
|
|
Georgian Bay Littoral |
|
2004 |
|
|
Manicouagan Uapishka |
|
2007 |
|
|
Fundy |
|
2007 |
|
|
Bras d’Or Lake |
|
2011 |
|
|
Costa Rica
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
La Amistad |
|
1982 |
2002 |
|
Cordillera Volcánica Central |
|
1988 |
2003 |
Extended in 2010. |
Agua y Paz |
|
2007 |
|
|
Cuba
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Sierra del Rosario |
|
1984 |
1998 |
|
Cuchillas del Toa |
|
1987 |
1999 |
|
Península de Guanahacabibes |
|
1987 |
1999 |
|
Baconao |
|
1984 |
1999 |
|
Ciénaga de Zapata |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Buenavista |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Dominican Republic
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Jaragua-Bahorocu-Enriquillo |
|
2002 |
|
|
El Salvador
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Apaneca-Llamatepec |
|
2007 |
|
|
Xiriualtique Jiquitizco |
|
2007 |
|
|
Trifinio Fraternidad |
|
2011 |
|
Shared with Guatemalaand Honduras |
Guatemala
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Maya |
|
1990 |
2001 |
|
Sierra de las Minas |
|
1992 |
2013 |
|
Trifinio Fraternidad |
|
2011 |
|
Shared with El Salvadorand Honduras |
Haiti
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
La Selle |
|
2012 |
|
|
Honduras
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Río Plátano |
|
2007 |
|
|
Trifinio Fraternidad |
|
2011 |
|
Shared with El Salvadorand Guatemala |
Mexico
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mapimí |
|
1976 |
1998 |
|
La Michilía |
|
1977 |
1998 |
|
Montes Azules |
|
1979 |
1998 |
|
El Cielo |
|
1986 |
2002 |
|
Sian Ka’an |
|
1986 |
2002 |
|
Sierra de Manantlán |
|
1988 |
1999 |
|
Región de Calakmul |
|
1993 |
2005 |
Extended and renamed in 2006. |
El Triunfo |
|
1993 |
2005 |
|
El Vizcaíno |
|
1993 |
|
|
Alto Golfo de California |
|
1993 |
|
Extended and renamed in 1995. |
Islas del Golfo de California |
|
1995 |
|
|
Sierra Gorda |
|
2001 |
2013 |
|
Banco Chinchorro |
|
2003 |
|
|
Sierra La Laguna |
|
2003 |
|
|
Ría Celestún |
|
2004 |
|
|
Ría Lagartos |
|
2004 |
|
|
Arrecife Alcranes |
|
2006 |
|
|
Barranca de Metztilán |
|
2006 |
|
|
Chamela-Cuixmala |
|
2006 |
|
|
Cuatrociénegas |
|
2006 |
|
|
Cumbres de Monterrey |
|
2006 |
|
|
Huatulco |
|
2006 |
|
|
La Encrucijada |
|
2006 |
|
|
La Primavera |
|
2006 |
|
|
La Sepultura |
|
2006 |
|
|
Laguna Madre y Delta Río Bravo |
|
2006 |
|
|
Los Tuxtlas |
|
2006 |
|
|
Maderas del Carmen, Coahuila |
|
2006 |
|
|
Mariposa Monarca |
|
2006 |
|
|
Pantanos de Centla |
|
2006 |
|
|
Selva El Ocote |
|
2006 |
|
|
Sierra de Huautla |
|
2006 |
|
|
Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano |
|
2006 |
|
|
Volcán Tacaná |
|
2006 |
|
|
Sierra de Alamos-Río Cuchujaqui |
|
2007 |
|
|
Islas Marietas |
|
2008 |
|
|
Lagunas de Montebello |
|
2009 |
|
|
Naha-Metzabok |
|
2010 |
|
|
Los Volcanes |
|
2010 |
|
|
Islas María |
|
2010 |
|
|
Tenhuacán-Cuicatlán |
|
2012 |
|
|
Nicaragua
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Bosawas |
|
1997 |
|
|
Río San Juan |
|
2003 |
|
|
Ometepe Island |
|
2010 |
|
|
Panama
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Darién |
|
1983 |
2000 |
|
La Amistad |
|
2000 |
|
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
St. Mary’s |
|
2011 |
|
|
United States of America
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Aleutian Islands |
|
1976 |
|
|
Big Bend |
|
1976 |
|
|
Cascade Head |
|
1976 |
|
|
Central Plain |
|
1976 |
|
|
Channel Islands |
|
1976 |
|
|
Coram |
|
1976 |
|
|
Denali |
|
1976 |
|
|
Desert |
|
1976 |
|
|
Everglades & Dry Tortugas |
|
1976 |
|
|
Fraser |
|
1976 |
|
|
Glacier |
|
1976 |
|
|
H.J Andrews |
|
1976 |
|
|
Hubbard Brook |
|
1976 |
|
|
Jornada |
|
1976 |
|
|
Luquillo |
|
1976 |
|
|
Noatak |
|
1976 |
|
|
Olympic |
|
1976 |
|
|
Organ Pipe Cactus |
|
1976 |
|
|
Rocky Mountain |
|
1976 |
|
|
San Dimas |
|
1976 |
|
|
San Joaquin |
|
1976 |
|
|
Sequoia-Kings Canyon |
|
1976 |
|
|
Stanislaus-Tuolumne |
|
1976 |
|
|
Three Sisters |
|
1976 |
|
|
Virgin Islands |
|
1976 |
|
|
Yellowstone |
|
1976 |
|
|
Beaver Creek |
|
1976 |
|
|
Konza Prarie |
|
1978 |
|
|
Niwot Ridge |
|
1979 |
|
|
University of Michigan Biological Station |
|
1979 |
|
|
Virginia Coast |
|
1979 |
|
|
Hawaiian Islands |
|
1980 |
|
|
Isle Royale |
|
1980 |
|
|
Big Thicket |
|
1981 |
|
|
Guanica |
|
1981 |
|
|
California Coast Ranges |
|
1983 |
|
|
Central Gulf Coast Plain |
|
1983 |
|
|
South Atlantic Coastal Plain |
|
1983 |
|
|
Mojave and Colorado Deserts |
|
1984 |
|
|
Carolinian-South Atlantic |
|
1986 |
|
|
Glacier Bay-Admiralty Island |
|
1986 |
|
|
Golden Gate |
|
1988 |
|
|
New Jersey Pinelands |
|
1988 |
|
|
Southern Appalachian |
|
1988 |
|
|
Champlain-Adirondak |
|
1986 |
|
|
Mammoth Cave Area |
|
1990 |
|
Extended in 1996. |
Land Between The Lakes Area |
|
1991 |
|
|
Oceania
Australia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Croajingolong |
|
1977 |
2003 |
|
Kosciuszko |
|
1977 |
2003 |
|
Prince Regent River |
|
1977 |
2003 |
|
Unnamed |
|
1977 |
2003 |
|
Uluru |
|
1977 |
2003 |
|
Yathong |
|
1977 |
2003 |
|
Fitzgerald River |
|
1978 |
2003, 2013 |
|
Hattah-Kulkyne & Murray-Kulkybe |
|
1981 |
2003 |
|
Wilson’s Promontory |
|
1981 |
2003 |
|
Riverland |
|
1977 |
2003 |
renamed twice, extended in 1995 |
Mornington Penincula and Western Port |
|
2002 |
|
|
Barkindji |
|
2005 |
|
|
Noosa |
|
2007 |
|
|
Great Sandy |
|
2009 |
|
|
Federated States of Micronesia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Utwe |
|
2005 |
|
|
And Atoll |
|
2007 |
|
|
Palau
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Ngaremeduu |
|
2005 |
|
|
South America
Argentina
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
San Guillermo |
|
1980 |
2000 |
|
Laguna Blanca |
|
1982 |
2000 |
|
Costero del Sur |
|
1984 |
2000 |
|
Ñacuñán |
|
1986 |
2000 |
|
Laguna de Pozuelos |
|
1990 |
2006 |
|
Yabotí |
|
1995 |
2006 |
|
Mar Chiquito |
|
1996 |
2012 |
|
Delta del Paraná |
|
2000 |
|
|
Riacho Teuquito |
|
1984 |
2000 |
|
San Guillermo |
|
2000 |
|
|
Laguna Oca y Herraduras del Río Paraguay |
|
2001 |
|
Renamed and extended in 2014. |
Las Yungas |
|
2002 |
|
|
Andino Norpatagónica |
|
2007 |
|
|
Pereyra Iraola |
|
2007 |
|
|
Valdés |
|
2014 |
|
|
Bolivia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Pilón-Lajas |
|
1977 |
2006 |
|
Ulla Ulla |
|
1977 |
2006 |
|
Beni |
|
1986 |
2000 |
|
Brazil
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Mata Atlântica (including Sao Paolo Green Belt) |
|
1993 |
|
Extended in 2002, 2009 |
Cerrado |
|
1993 |
|
Extended in 2000, 2001 |
Pantanal |
|
2000 |
|
|
Caatinga |
|
2001 |
|
|
Central Amazon |
|
2001 |
|
|
Espinhaço Range |
|
2005 |
|
|
Chile
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Fray Jorge |
|
1977 |
1999 |
Extended in 2012 |
Juan Fernández |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Torres de Paine |
|
1978 |
1999 |
|
Laguna San Rafael |
|
1979 |
1999 |
|
Lauca |
|
1981 |
1999 |
|
Araucarias |
|
1983 |
1999 |
Extended in 2010. |
La Campana-Peñuelas |
|
1984 |
1999 |
Extended in 2009. |
Cabo de Hornos |
|
2005 |
|
|
Bosques Templados Lluviosos de los Andes Australes |
|
2005 |
|
|
Corredor Biológico Nevados de Chillán – Laguna del Laja |
|
2011 |
|
|
Colombia
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Cinturón Andino |
|
1979 |
2001 |
|
El Tuparro |
|
1979 |
2001 |
|
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta |
|
1979 |
2001 |
|
Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Seaflower |
|
2000 |
2011 |
|
Ecuador
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Archipiélago de Colón (Galápagos) |
|
1984 |
1999 |
|
Yasuni |
|
1989 |
2001 |
|
Sumasco |
|
2000 |
|
Extended in 2002. |
Podocarpus-El Condor |
|
2007 |
|
|
Macizo del Cajas |
|
2013 |
|
|
Bosque Seco |
|
2014 |
|
|
Paraguay
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Bosque Mbaracayú |
|
2000 |
2013 |
|
El Chaco |
|
2005 |
|
|
Peru
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Huascarán |
|
1977 |
1999, 2005 |
|
Manu |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Noroeste |
|
1977 |
1999 |
|
Oxapampa-Ashaninka-Yanesha |
|
2010 |
|
|
Uruguay
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Bañados del Este |
|
1976 |
2005 |
|
Bioma Pampa-Quebradas del Norte |
|
2014 |
|
|
Venezuela
Official name |
Location |
Year of designation |
Periodic review |
Notes |
Alto Orinoco-Casiquiare |
|
1993 |
|
|
Delta del Orinoco |
|
2009 |
|
|