Historical architecture in Hungary is a concise name of architectural trends dominating Hungary from the 1860s to the early 1900s. As the earlier-used ” eclectic architecture” means, historian architects choose from different elements of the ages, forming neo-styles. The most characteristic is the use of elements of Renaissance, Baroque, Gothic and Romanian architecture, and the appearance of oriental elements. Historical buildings, although their form references to earlier historical periods, corresponded to the functions of their own age with state-of-the-art construction technology and structures.

Historical architecture in Hungary falls roughly during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which was accompanied by strong economic, technological, cultural and social development, and consequently with a serious constructional boom in Hungary. The buildings raised in this age still define the face of the capital and other bigger settlements, and are not in any case a national symbol as the Budapest Parliament.

The most important internationally outstanding master of Hungarian historical architecture is Miklós Ybl, whose name is borne by our most important architectural prize. There are works such as the Hungarian State Opera House in Budapest, the Main House (now the main building of the Corvinus University of Budapest), the Várkert Bazaar or the Basilica of St. Stephen. Beside him, the decisive, still well-known masters of the era are Imre Steindl, the architect of Parliament, Frigyes Schulek, who is responsible for the renovation of the Matthias Church, or Alajos Hauszmann, the master of the New York Palace.

origin
In the early 1860s, the Kingdom of Hungary was a province of the Habsburg Empire. The Prussian-Austrian War of 1866 jeopardized the reign of the Empire, and in 1867, almost two decades after the defeated and bloody revolted revolution of 1848-49 and the War of Independence, Hungary became a member of the Empire with Austria. Political and economic autonomy has in itself resulted in serious building activity, as administrative, military and educational buildings were needed. This correlates with the rapid urbanization typical of Europe in the second half of the 19th century, partly due to the development of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and the construction industry. As the number of urban population grows, the rate of crime increases, and epidemics are becoming more and more problematic. Society tried to find an answer by developing this system of public institutions. In Hungary, educational and research institutions, health institutions (hospitals, public baths), poor and orphanages have also been boosted.

In general, it can be said that the era of historicizing architecture, as opposed to Baroque architecture, was the role of the first constructor in the state, and the Church was in the background as a principal. Private investors have also played a key role, especially private-owned large companies.

In Budapest, the pace of development was also influenced by the fact that in 1873 Buda, Pest and Óbuda merged into a united capital. It was set up for a large-scale construction project due to the establishment of a separate organization, the Council for Public Works in Budapest, which operated until 1948. The wave of investment was also strengthened by the millennial anniversary of the founding of the country in 1896, where a number of buildings and public monuments were erected nationwide.

Name
Contemporary artists used the “eclectic” sign in Hungary, too, for the formative elements and elements of the various styles. This was, after all, a pejorative overturn, mainly due to the theorists of the modern architecture, but it was commonly used until the 1990s. In the last decades, the less negative “historicizing architecture” has been used to refer to the era, although it is somewhat misleading, since it is also a historical or classicist architecture that uses historical forms.

Referring to the highly influential schools of the era, the term “academic architecture” is also known. In English and French, the use of the term “Beaux-Arts architecture” and “Style Beaux-Arts” refers to the predominant Parisian Fine Arts School, referring to the École des Beaux-Arts.

Periodisation
Historically, in parallel with the romantic architecture in Hungary, history began in the early 1860s, first with the neo-Renaissance traits, and the Neo-Gothic, neo-Roman and Neo-Baroque architects became involved. Oriental oriental architecture was also present in Hungary in parallel with romance, and all the while it was primarily the building site of Jewish citizenship, and the most characteristic of sacral buildings.

At the time of early history, the use of concrete examples and stylistic purity are typical. The Old Műcsarnok (Láng Adolf, 1875-77) is responsible for the influence of Palazzo Bevilacqua in Verona, designed by Michele Sanmicheli, and the neighboring university of Fine Arts Rauscher, designed by Lajos Rauscher, was inspired by the Florentine Renaissance inspiration. From the 1870s to the public buildings in Budapest, practically Neo-Renaissance is the “expected” style, and in addition to Italy, the French and German Renaissance forms are also displayed. From the 1880s Neo-Gothic and Neo-Baroque, and, most recently, neo-Romanic.

Art Nouveau from Hungary in the 1890s did not replace historism, but lived with its later stages. After the First World War, historicization became a new force, and until the 1940s it was a decisive architectural trend, which was favored primarily by state and ecclesiastical principals. After the Second World War, the historically formative language has actually disappeared completely.

City Planning, Urbanism
In the decades after the Compromise of 1867, huge investments in urban construction were taking place in Budapest, which, to a large extent, still dominate the capital. In 1870, the Act on the Establishment of the Council for Public Works in Budapest (which was under the direction of Frigyes Podmaniczky, between 1873 and 1905), created several large-scale investments in the city. The institution was responsible for regulating the banks of the Danube, for the construction and maintenance of the united capital’s roads, including the construction of the Grand Boulevard and Sugár Road, the construction of the Opera House and the Parliament, the extension of the royal palace, the completion of the Lipótváros Temple, the restoration of the Matthias Church, its square, the Ferenciek Square, the creation of the Szabadság tér.

In 1871 a controversy was issued for the settlement of the city, which was won by Lajos Lechner’s ring-radius design for Paris and Vienna. The concept of Ferenc Reitter on the navigable Pest can be considered as a history, roughly in the line of today’s Great Boulevard, but was rejected. When Lechner’s plan was completed, the construction of the Sugár Road (today’s Andrássy Avenue) was already a decisive fact, and the idea of developing the Grand Boulevard was also raised. The planned demolition of the expropriated and purchased houses of the Andrássy Avenue, which was built on the edge of the Heroes’ Square, on the outskirts of Városliget, began in 1870, and in 1885, along the 2318 meters long avenue, construction began. The journey was completed by two courses, the Oktogon and the Körönd ; various installation specifications have been validated for each section. Along the way, mainly wage buildings were built and the headquarters of the Hungarian State Railways, the Opera House, was replaced by the Museum of Fine Arts and the Műcsarnok. The Andrassy Road is an excellent mirror for the city’s architectural concept of the era: the same elevation with sloping facades is built into the Oktogon section, forming a single, swirling paving wall. The cupola training of Andrassy Street’s first houses is also a characteristic city-building element; the use of the corner cupola or corner tower as an architectural focus has been repeated in the age from the University Library to the Klotild Palace of Neo-Baroque Art Nouveau in Budapest, and to the Cluj-Napoca houses in Cluj.

Among the work carried out by the Budapest Public Works Council, the space of the former New Building, the Szabadság tér, is also worthy of attention. The U-shaped square was built on the plans of Antal Palóczy, and it was mostly owned by public buildings, financial institutes or commercial enterprises, including the permanent headquarters of the Budapest Stock Exchange and the central building of the Austro-Hungarian Bank (today the headquarters of the Hungarian National Bank).

Szeged is the only one of our county seats, where transformations of a similar scale to the capital have taken place. This is due to the great ruin of Szeged, which was destroyed by city destruction in 1879, after which the city was rebuilt with a ring-rays structure based on the designs of Lajos Lechner, Budapest, with a controlled, united atmosphere downtown. The Klauzál tér is still a good example of the historic building of the historic building with its salon-like enclosures, largely united with its two-storey buildings with facade facades, a small square on the square and a monument to the focal point. Less known, but also a good example of the era of urban architecture of György Klapka square in Komárno.

The late gesture of historic urban construction is the construction of the 42-meter-wide Rákóczi út in Kecskemét in 1902, which, like the Andrássy Road, provides the connection between the railway station and the city center as the representative main road of the settlement through a previously vacated area.

Public buildings

Administrative buildings

The Parliament
For the Budapest Permanent Assembly, besides the National Museum, Miklós Ybl’s design of the Old Assembly between 1865-66 proved to be small, so in 1882 a new design was launched. Most of the plans were made in Neo-Renaissance style, but Imre Steindl’s later work as a winner was neo-Gothic. He was motivated by the glory of the Hungarian Middle Ages and by the influence of Charles Barry’s famous London Parliament that the style is different from the classicism of the Viennese Parliament. The decision was also patronized by the minister of the king, Gyula Andrássy.

Ministries
The construction of Parliament also raised the need for new ministries. A large building of the Ministry of Agriculture was completed between 1895 and 1997 on the plans of Kossuth Square, on the plans of Gyula Bukovics. its neo-Renaissance facade is dominated by the huge arches of the arcade along the ground floor, under which the pantheon of Hungarian agricultural history was formed. Based on the designs of Sándor Fellner, the new Ministry of Finance’s new Trinity Square was built in 1901-1904. The neo-Gothic, but overdimensional and over-decorated building in the style of the Varnish Mansion and adjacent Matthias Church was rebuilt after the Second World War, today considerably smaller than its original size. Fellner designed and built the Markó Street building of the Ministry of Justice between 1913-18.

Judicial Buildings
The most important monument of the judicial architecture of the time is the mansion that places the Supreme Court on Kossuth Square in Budapest, built on the plans of Alajos Hauszmann between 1893-96. The façade of a large block combining the Renaissance and Baroque forms is dominated by a protracted, middle-timpanous middle timor of tympanum, with its low turrets, with the triple tooth of the goddess of truth (the work of Charles Senyei). The statue of Timpanon is made by György Zala, but János Fadrusz, József Róna and Gyula Donáth collaborated with the facade sculptures. The most exquisite interior of the building is the huge lobby that resembles ancient basilicas, from which you can climb up the stairs on both sides. Against the entrance, at the height of the second floor, once the statue of Justitia received the arrival, on the ceiling you can see the painting of the Truth of Truth, the work of Károly Lotz. The Museum of Ethnography now works in the building.

Museums and exhibition buildings
Among the valuable memories of the early period of historic architecture are the early masterpieces of the Old Műcsarnok, Adolf Láng, erected between 1875-77, showing the effect of the façade of Palazzo Bevilacqua in Verona (Michele Sanmicheli, 1530). At two hundred meters, at the end of Andrássy Avenue, two important neoclassical cultural buildings were built on two sides of the Heroes Square, both based on the plans of Albert Schickedanz and Herzog Fülöp : the Műcsarnok was built in 1895 and the Museum of Fine Arts was built between 1900 and 1906. The latter is the museum director, Károly Pulszky is drawn up by Schickedanz and Herzog’s plan, which adds a column-shaped main facade to the neo-Renaissance architectural block containing exhibition halls and storerooms, which is classicizing the square.

Hungarian Academy of Sciences
In 1860, the National Museum of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was founded in 1825. The construction program was compiled by Imre Henszlmann, who started with a third of the only three invited design contests in 1861. Henszlmann preferred the Gothic style, but the mood was against him because the Gothic was bound to the Germans. This was the first time that there was a serious style debate in the Hungarian press in connection with the public service (later this will be the case with Parliament). The invitation to tender was ineffective, the Architectural Committee finally concluded two famous foreign architects of the time, Leo von Klenze and Friedrich August Stülerhe asked to make a plan and then chose the latter neo-Renaissance style work. The construction was carried out by Miklós Ybl and Antal Szkalnitzky, the new headquarters were handed over in 1865, one of Pest’s first Neo-Renaissance-style public buildings.

Theaters, Concert Halls, Cinemas, Amusements
The decisive actor of the theatrical architecture of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy is the Viennese office of Ferdinand Fellner and Hermann Helmer ; from the 48 buildings planned here, made to many in Hungary, mostly in an informal neo-baroque style. The most important of the Budapest People’s Theater (later the National Theater, broken down), the Szeged National Theater (1883), the Budapest Comedy Theater, the Cluj National Theater and the Kecskemét Katona József Theater. Their work is also the building of the former Somossy Orfeum on Nagymező Street, which is today the home of the Budapest Operetta Theater.

Hungarian State Opera House
The idea of building a permanent opera house was raised by Baron Orczy Bódog, director of the National Theater in 1872. After having been designated as a venue for the former Hermina space on the line of Andrássy Avenue, in 1873 an international tender was issued for the design of the building. The jury is Miklós Yblhe declared his plan a winner, which the architect has repeatedly revised several times. The main facade of the Neo-Renaissance building faces the avenue. The gate opens in the three open-air driveways, the top of which can be used as a terrace for the upstairs snack. Above the driveway, the facade is opened by five arcades, and on each side there are a sculpture in a wall pillar. The balustrades above the main gate are also crowned by statues. Only the main facade of the building was covered with stone, the other plastered. Inside, one of the most beautiful interiors of the age is visible from the lobby with the elegant staircase to the theater hall and the horseshoe auditorium. The decorations include Mór Than, Károly Lotz, Bertalan Székely, Gyula Aggházy andRóbert Scholtz worked. The building was completed in 1884.

Financial, commercial buildings, offices
Bank Houses
The development of the banking sector is characteristic of the whole era, and the buildings of financial institutions determine the city landscape. One of the earliest neo-Renaissance buildings of Buda and Pest is the palace of the Buda Savings Bank built between 1860 and 62 on the Chain Bridge (now Clark Ádám) square (destroyed). Along the plans of Miklós Ybl, the headquarters of the Lánchíd Joint Stock Company was also built between 1867-69. Ybl designed two buildings for Pesti’s First First Savings Bank, in 1869 in Károlyi Mihály u. Still standing neoreneszan building, number 12, and in 1874 in the nearby Kálvin squarethe building block and the new branch of the institution, which was destroyed in the Second World War. The latter were not classified by the critics as successful works, and the tall and wide façade compared to the size of the environment suppressed the sight of the National Museum from the square.

Post, telecommunications
The main post of Pest was built in 1869-71 by Antal Szkalnitzky on the Petőfi Sándor street. Its large, neo-renaissance façade has little effect on the narrow streets. In the Nagymező street, the first telephone exchange of the city, the Terézvárosi Telefonközpont, the neo-Gothic-Neo-Renaissance stylist, was built between 1900-1903, partly showing the effect of Art Nouveau.

Citizens’ houses, apartment buildings, town palaces
“While in 1870 only 2485 houses were counted in Budapest, by the end of the century 6455 and the world war broke out, 5535 new houses were built, so the number of houses was over 45 years, while the population grew only three and a half times”, writes Virgil Borbiró in 1937. Most of these houses are three-four-storey flats, palatial, neo-renaissance, less neo-baroque or neo-gothic façades. There are basically two types of dwelling houses: the tenement house contains only furnished dwellings, the wage building also includes the owner of the builder’s apartment, often with a separate staircase and almost always on the first floor. Among the major construction innovations of the era, the double-glazed windows, the reinforced concrete porous-glass ceiling or the district heating also appeared in the apartment houses. However, there was a huge social difference within the buildings as well: on the street front there were four-five-roomed, private bathrooms, spacious flats were built, the servants lived in the tight rooms of the inner courtyard wards and used a common corridor toilet.

City palaces
The Hungarian National Assembly met in the Grand Hall of the National Museum and later in the House of Representatives of the adjacent Miklós Ybl plans until the completion of the new Parliament. Here is the National Horse Ride (now destroyed), as well as Ybl’s work. This is mainly due to the fact that from the 1850s a large number of noble palaces and then wages were built around the museum, forming the Palotanegyed. For the Festetics family between 1862 and 65, the palace raised by Miklós Ybl and then by Ignác Wechselmann is a typical example of a metropolitan, representative noble home: it exudes the 16th century Italian Renaissance, but the interiors intended for the public appear in the 17-18th century. century French Baroque and Rococo interior design. It was also based on Ybl’s plans that the Károlyiak Palacewas built in1863-65 in an elegant French Renaissance style, under Museum Street, under theplans ofthe family palace of Antal Szkalnitzky from 1869-71. In contrast, the Almásy family has a one-storey palace designed by Antal Gottgeb, an interior courtyard with Italian villas.

The Royal Palace of Buda
In addition to the Parliament, the construction of the era’s largest and representative purpose is the rebuilding and expansion of the Royal Palace of Buda. The palace built by Mary Theresa was completely burnt out in 1849 and was restored in the 1850s. By the end of the century, the demand for the construction of a representative royal palace was raised in the country’s leading classroom, which would compete with the ruler of Vienna; this was supported by József Ferenc after the 1867 Compromise.

Country Residences
As a result of the rapid urbanization, the construction of rural noble habitats is under construction, and more and more people are building capitalist palaces. The majority of the aristocratic families use rural dwellings on a temporary basis in the summer, but a new emerging, aristocratic layer of agriculture has emerged. Historical castel architecture is rich in richness, rich accumulation of stylistic elements and exterior and interior training for representativeness. The basic feature of the floor layout is the separation of the economic and service rooms from the rooms serving the everyday life.

Religious Buildings

Churches
For the time of historic architecture, the differences between Christian denominations disappear altogether. The most common style of the Neo-Gothic style is Samu Pecz using elements of this kind, he built the Unitarians’ church in Budapest and his apartment building in 1890, the Reformed Church in Szilágyi Dezső Square between 1894 and 1966, and the Fasorian Lutheran Church in 1905. Neo-Gothic erected in memory of the murdered Queen Elizabeth, completed 1908 Üllői Street Roman Catholic Perpetual Adoration Church as well. (The designer, Sándor Aigner’s main rival here was another student of Friedrich von Schmidt, Antal Hofhauser, who later became a member of the 1915Thököly Rosary allowed to show a queen-church, what can the gótikáról). The historical reminiscences did not prevent designers that innovatively adapt to the coercive circumstances: Pecz the Unitarian chapel example, placed on the second floor, the more economical the plot you can use it.

Synagogues
Historicism oriental, Moorish style defining zsinagógaépítészetének early examples of romantic architecture could be placed in Dohany Street Synagogue (Ludwig Förster, 1854-59) and the Rumbach Street Synagogue (Otto Wagner, 1869-1872).

Casual Buildings, Temporary Buildings
Following the success of the World Expo in London in 1851, international exhibitions and events featuring the academic, artistic and commercial achievements of the era were of great popularity in the 19th century. The Hungarian architects were regularly visited at world exhibitions in Paris : in 1867 Alajos Hauszmann and Frigyes Schulek spent months in the city at the exhibition, and at the Paris World Exposition in 1878, he was a Hungarian professional visitor to Schickedanz Albert. World exhibitions of the second half of the century have brought successes to many Hungarians as exhibitors. At the 1873 Vienna World Expo, for example, the plaster of the Pest Andrassy Avenue was decorated with artistic medal. In 1900, Hauszmann Alajos Grand Prix won the Grand Prix of the Royal Palace of the Royal Palace and the pieces of the equipment.

Industries, factories
The Monarchy’s rapidly growing manufacturing industry remained a very important building complex, though in most cases it lost its original function. The little remnants of historic industrial architecture include the grand hall of the Eisele factory on the Váci út built in 1891 according to the plans of Ignác Alpár. As part of the new building, the buildings of the former Óbuda Gas Factory, which were built between 1909 and 1913, are based on the plans of Weiss Albert, Izidor Bernauer and Győző Schön. There were also several production halls of Magyar Hajó és Darugyár Óbuda, significantly expanded in 1895, with characteristic brick façades and metal roofs.

Agriculture, food industry
The first public crossing bridge of the capital was built in 1872, according to the plans of Prussian Royal Architect Julius Hennicke and under his leadership. The central part of the carefully complex complex is the water tower, with a fork iron container of 185 cubic meters in its upper part. Next year, the 25,000 square meter wooden-framed hall of the cattle fair was erected here (the barn of the Calfskin Hall was built today in 1927).

Transport, Infrastructure

Railroad
In the year of the Compromise, in 1867, 2160 kilometers of railways were in Hungary. By 1900 it grew to 17,400 kilometers. The enormous pace of development has led to the construction of hundreds of railway stations, usually on the basis of standard plans. However, individual city highways are always made on the basis of individual plans.

Road
After four years of construction, the second permanent Danube Bridge in the capital was handed over in 1876. The Margaret Bridge Ernest Goüin French engineer was built according to the plans of French design. Island’s wing bridge was built in 1899-1900. The development of the Hungarian engineer training and the advancement of the national aspects are well illustrated by the fact that, after the first and French plans for the second Danube Bridge in Budapest, the third and fourth were designed by Hungarian masters after a government decree of 1893. The Liberty Bridge was built between 1894 and 1966 under the plans of János Feketeházy, in the execution of the Hungarian Royal Hungarian State Railways Machine Factory. Although its shape resembles a hanging bridge, it is actually a Gerber-articulated beam structure. TheErzsébet Bridge was realized between 1898 and 1903, with plans made by the Department of Commerce of the Ministry of Commerce under Aurel Czekelius; the architect was Virgil. During the construction of the 290-meter long suspension bridge, it has generated a great reverberation worldwide.

Monument protection
With the popularization of history more and more attention is focused on the architectural memories of the Middle Ages. The Hungarian historical preservation birth of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc French architect the greatest impact, the stylistic restorations and style purity importance of advertising theory. Accordingly, domestic practice has been designed for decades to restore the buildings to an ideal original state by removing later attachments and additions, whether in the style of new additions.

Related art
Historical architecture relied heavily on affiliated artists who worked closely with the builder. Of course, the most important role came to them in the public buildings, but it is not unusual for a representative staircase with painted ceiling, ornate wrought-iron gates, carved furniture, or stained-glass windows in a typical residential building.

Source from Wikipedia