Co-pilot

In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot (also referred to as the co-pilot) of an aircraft. The first officer is second-in-command of the aircraft to the captain, who is the legal commander. In the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first officer will assume command of the aircraft.

Control of the aircraft is normally shared equally between the first officer and the captain, with one pilot normally designated the “pilot flying” (PF) and the other the “pilot not flying” (PNF), or “pilot monitoring” (PM), for each flight. Even when the first officer is the flying pilot, however, the captain remains ultimately responsible for the aircraft, its passengers, and the crew. In typical day-to-day operations, the essential job tasks remain fairly equal.

If the captain is not present on the ground or unable to act during the flight, the co-pilot, as deputy, assumes responsibility for the aircraft, crew and passengers.

In general, the captain is allowed to delegate parts of his duties and duties actively to the first officer. This concerns in particular the planning and execution of a flight segment (English leg) and is regular practice for most airlines. The FO assumes the role of pilot flying and thus control of the aircraft. The captain is in this case the role of pilot not flying , that is, takes over the radio communication with the ground and takes at the request of the pilot flyingCircuits before. The commander oversees the safe execution of the flight; the legal responsibility remains with him. As a rule, the captain and the first officer take turns as a flying pilot in the course of an operational day in order to distribute the workload evenly and give everyone the opportunity to stay in training.

All members of a cockpit crew are equally qualified to conduct the flight in normal and abnormal situations. The commander is usually the most experienced crew member. If a First Officer is won by an airline company through a takeover from another company or by the military, he may have more flight experience than the captain due to his previous uses.

For inexperienced co-workers (English low-time F / O), special restrictions and safety regulations apply to many airlines.

The place of the first officer is traditionally with airplanes on the right and with helicopters on the left in the cockpit . This is legally regulated in Germany in the Aviation Code .

Many airlines promote by seniority only within their own company. As a consequence, an airline first officer may be older and/or have more flight experience than a captain, by virtue of having experience from other airlines or the military. Traditionally, the first officer sits on the right-hand side of a fixed-wing aircraft (“right seat”) and the left-hand side of a helicopter (the reason for this difference is related to the fact that in many cases the pilot flying is unable to release the right hand from the cyclic control to operate the instruments, thus he or she sits on the right side and does that with the left hand). Other airlines may designate the more senior of two first officers operating a long-haul sector together with a captain in an enlarged crew as the senior first officer. The senior first officer will then sit in the left seat when the captain takes a rest.

In the rank of senior first officer the pilot will also sit in the right hand seat. Often the senior first officer position is used within airlines to mean someone who has passed all the requirements for captain, but there are no empty captain’s positions within the company as yet, analogous to frocking in the military. The pilot is therefore “on hold” as a senior first officer until a position as captain becomes available, when they will receive their command line check.

Source from Wikipedia