Category Archives: Mathematics

Droste effect

The Droste effect, known in art as an example of mise en abyme, is the effect of a picture recursively appearing within itself, in a place where a similar picture would realistically be expected to appear. The effect is named for a Dutch brand of cocoa, with an image designed…

Droste effect

Body proportions in art

While there is significant variation in anatomical proportions between people, there are many references to body proportions that are intended to be canonical, either in art, measurement, or medicine. In measurement, body proportions are often used to relate two or more measurements based on the body. A cubit, for instance,…

Body proportions in art

Geometric abstraction

Geometric abstraction is a form of abstract art based on the use of geometric forms sometimes, though not always, placed in non-illusionistic space and combined into non-objective (non-representational) compositions. Although the genre was popularized by avant-garde artists in the early twentieth century, similar motifs have been used in art since…

Geometric abstraction

The Matrix: Mathematics: Longing for the Pure and Abyss, National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Seoul

Matrix: Mathematics: Longing for the Pure and Abyss is an exhibition about the mathematical attitude of contemporary artists living in a modernized mathematics society. In this exhibition, ‘Matrix’ was used as the title of the exhibition to symbolize the modernized world of mathematics that is controlled by numbers and calculations…

The Matrix: Mathematics: Longing for the Pure and Abyss, National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Seoul

Validity in logic

In logic, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false. It is not required for a valid argument to have premises that are actually true, but to have premises…

Validity in logic

Dynamics

Dynamics is the branch of applied mathematics (specifically classical mechanics) concerned with the study of forces and torques and their effect on motion, as opposed to kinematics, which studies the motion of objects without reference to these forces. Isaac Newton defined the fundamental physical laws which govern dynamics in physics,…

Dynamics

Alzheimer’s disease research

In April 2014 there were 315 open clinical trials under way to understand and treat Alzheimer’s disease. 42 of these studies were open, human phase three trials, the last step before United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and marketing. In the decade 2002–2012, 244 compounds were assessed in…

Alzheimer’s disease research

Topology optimization

Topology optimization (TO) is a mathematical method that optimizes material layout within a given design space, for a given set of loads, boundary conditions and constraints with the goal of maximizing the performance of the system. TO is different from shape optimization and sizing optimization in the sense that the…

Topology optimization

Biphasic and polyphasic sleep

Biphasic sleep (or diphasic, bimodal or bifurcated sleep) is the practice of sleeping during two periods over 24 hours, while polyphasic sleep refers to sleeping multiple times – usually more than two. Each of these is in contrast to monophasic sleep, which is one period of sleep over 24 hours.…

Biphasic and polyphasic sleep

Navigation

Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. It is also the term of…

Navigation

Judgment logic

In mathematical logic, a judgment (or judgement) or assertion is a statement or enunciation in the metalanguage. For example, typical judgments in first-order logic would be that a string is a well-formed formula, or that a proposition is true. Similarly, a judgment may assert the occurrence of a free variable…

Judgment logic

Romanticism in science

Romanticism (or the Age of Reflection, 1800–1840) was an intellectual movement that originated in Western Europe as a counter-movement to the late-18th-century Enlightenment. Romanticism incorporated many fields of study, including politics, the arts, and the humanities, but it also greatly influenced 19th-century science. The Romantic movement affected most aspects of…

Romanticism in science

Multiple-criteria decision analysis

Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) or multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a sub-discipline of operations research that explicitly evaluates multiple conflicting criteria in decision making (both in daily life and in settings such as business, government and medicine). Conflicting criteria are typical in evaluating options: cost or price is usually one of…

Multiple-criteria decision analysis

Algorithm

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processing and automated reasoning tasks. As an effective method, an algorithm can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time and in a well-defined…

Algorithm

Compass-and-straightedge construction

Compass-and-straightedge construction, also known as ruler-and-compass construction or classical construction, is the construction of lengths, angles, and other geometric figures using only an idealized ruler and compass. The idealized ruler, known as a straightedge, is assumed to be infinite in length, and has no markings on it with only one…

Compass-and-straightedge construction

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