The codes are codes used by airlines for their identification in radio communications, schedules, tickets and cargo receipts. There are three basic types of codes: those of the IATA , composed of two characters, those of the ICAO , composed of three characters, and the telephone designators of ICAO.
IATA airline designator
IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) to the world’s airlines. The standard is described in IATA’s Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATA’s Airline Coding Directory. (Both are published twice-annually.)
The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes (see the section below). IATA expanded the 2-letter-system with codes consisting of a letter and a digit (or vice versa) after ICAO had introduced its current 3-letter-system in 1982. Until then only combinations of letters were used.
Airline designator codes follow the format xx(a), i.e., two alphanumeric characters (letters or digits) followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the optional third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the “central reservations systems”, have failed to comply with the standard, notwithstanding the fact that it has been in place for 20 years. The codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, but use only a limited subset of its possible range.
There are three types of designator: unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate.
IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills and in telecommunications.
A flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx(a), and the numeric flight number, n(n)(n)(n), plus an optional one-letter “operational suffix” (a). Therefore, the full format of a flight designator is xx(a)n(n)(n)(n)(a).
After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months and can issue “controlled duplicates”. Controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, with an asterisk (*). An example of this is the code “7Y”, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon.
IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code. This number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number.
ICAO airline designator
The ICAO airline designator is a code assigned by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to aircraft operating agencies, aeronautical authorities, and services related to international aviation, each of whom is allocated both a three-letter designator and a telephony designator. These codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes (see section above). The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585: Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, Aeronautical Authorities and Services.
ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes were originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the airline codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code. Because both organizations used the same code system, the current terms ICAO code and IATA code did not exist until the 1980s. They were commonly called two-letter-airline-designators. At this time it was impossible to find out whether an airline was an IATA member or not just by looking at its code. In the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-members like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In 1982 ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the increasing number of airlines. After a transitional period of five years it became the official new ICAO standard system in November 1987 while IATA kept the older 2-letter-system that was introduced by ICAO in 1947.
Certain combinations of letters, for example SOS, are not allocated to avoid confusion with other systems. Other designators, particularly those starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations. The designator YYY is used for operators that do not have a code allocated.
An example is:
Operator: American Airlines
Three-letter designator: AAL (the original ICAO-two-letter-designator AA was officially used until 1987 and is also the IATA code of the airline)
Telephony designator: AMERICAN
A timeline of the airline designators used by American Airlines:
| period | ICAO | IATA | remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| before 1947 | – | – | airline designators did not exist |
| 1947 to early 1950s | AA | – | ICAO issued 2-letter-designators in 1947 |
| early 1950s to 1982 | AA | AA | ICAO designators were taken over by IATA in the early 1950s |
| 1982 to 1987 | AA (AAL) | AA | ICAO issued 3-letter-codes but kept the 2-letter-designators as official standard |
| from 1988 | AAL | AA | 3-letter-designators became the official ICAO system in November 1987 |
Call signs (flight identification or flight ID)
Most airlines employ a call sign that is normally spoken during airband radio transmissions. As by ICAO Annex 10 chapter 5.2.1.7.2.1 a call sign shall be one of the following types:
Type A: the characters corresponding to the registration marking of the aircraft.
Type B: the telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the last four characters of the registration marking of the aircraft.
Type C: the telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the flight identification.
The one most widely used within commercial aviation is type C. The flight identification is very often the same as the flight number, though this is not always the case. In case of call sign confusion a different flight identification can be chosen, but the flight number will remain the same. Call sign confusion happens when two or more flights with similar flight numbers fly close to each other, e.g., KLM 645 and KLM 649 or Speedbird 446 and Speedbird 664.
The flight number is published in an airline’s public timetable and appears on the arrivals and departure screens in the airport terminals. In cases of emergency, the airline name and flight number, rather than the call sign, are normally mentioned by the main news media.
Some call signs are less obviously associated with a particular airline than others. This might be for historic reasons (South African Airways uses the callsign “Springbok”, hearkening back to the airline’s old livery which featured a springbok), or possibly to avoid confusion with a call sign used by an established airline.
Companies’ assigned names may change as a result of mergers, acquisitions, or change in company name or status; British Airways uses BOAC’s old callsign (“Speedbird”), as British Airways was formed by a merger of BOAC and British European Airways. Country names can also change over time and new call signs may be agreed in substitution for traditional ones. The country shown alongside an airline’s call sign is that wherein most of its aircraft are believed to be registered, which may not always be the same as the country in which the firm is officially incorporated or registered. There are many other airlines in business whose radio call signs are more obviously derived from the trading name.
The callsign should ideally resemble the operator’s name or function and not be confused with callsigns used by other operators. The callsign should be easily and phonetically pronounceable in at least English, the international language of aviation. For example, Air France’s callsign is “Airfrans”; ‘frans’ is the phonetic spelling of ‘France’.
Accounting number or prefix code
The airline accounting code, or prefix code, is a 3-digit number, referenced by IATA and unique among all the airlines, used to identify the airline in various accounting activities such as ticketing. For instance, Lufthansa (LH/DLH) has been assigned 220 as accounting code, and all the flight tickets issued by that airline start with “220-“. The IATA code search page references the accounting code for every airline having one.
Source from Wikipedia