Category Archives: History

Gründerzeit

Founders’ period (German: Gründerzeit) was the economic phase in 19th-century Germany and Austria before the great stock market crash of 1873. At this time in Central Europe the age of industrialisation was taking place, whose beginnings were found in the 1840s. No precise time for this period can be given, but in Austria the March Revolution of 1848 is generally accepted as the beginning for economic changes, in contrast to political reforms. In Germany, as a consequence of the large influx of capital resulting from French war reparations from the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, and the subsequent German Unification, there followed an economic boom, giving rise to the description of these years as the “founders’ years”. These years in Central Europe were a time that citizens increasingly influenced cultural development. This was also the epoch of classical liberalism, even if the political demands of the time were only partially met,…

Yellow color in history and art

Yellow is the color between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is evoked by light with a dominant wavelength of roughly 570–590 nm. It is a primary color in subtractive color systems, used in painting or color printing. In the RGB color model, used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is a secondary color made by combining red and green at equal intensity. Carotenoids give the characteristic yellow color to autumn leaves, corn, canaries, daffodils, and lemons, as well as egg yolks, buttercups, and bananas. They absorb light energy and protect plants from photodamage. Sunlight has a slight yellowish hue, due to the surface temperature of the sun. Because it was widely available, yellow ochre pigment was one of the first colors used in art; the Lascaux cave in France has a painting of a yellow horse 17,000 years old. Ochre and orpiment…

Red color in history and art

Red is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet. It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625–740 nanometres. It is a primary color in the RGB color model and the CMYK color model, and is the complementary color of cyan. Reds range from the brilliant yellow-tinged scarlet and vermillion to bluish-red crimson, and vary in shade from the pale red pink to the dark red burgundy. The red sky at sunset results from Rayleigh scattering, while the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. Iron oxide also gives the red color to the planet Mars. The red colour of blood comes from protein hemoglobin, while ripe strawberries, red apples and reddish autumn leaves are colored by anthocyanins. Red pigment made from ochre was one of…

Green color in history and art

Green is the color between blue and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content. During post-classical and early modern Europe, green was…

Blue colour in history and art

Blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments in painting and traditional colour theory, as well as in the RGB colour model. It lies between violet and green on the spectrum of visible light. The eye perceives blue when observing light with a dominant wavelength between approximately 450 and 495 nanometres. Most blues contain a slight mixture of other colors; azure contains some green, while ultramarine contains some violet. The clear daytime sky and the deep sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. An optical effect called Tyndall scattering explains blue eyes. Distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective. Blue has been an important colour in art and decoration since ancient times. The semi-precious stone lapis lazuli was used in ancient Egypt for jewellery and ornament and later, in the Renaissance, to make the pigment ultramarine, the…

Brown color in history and art

Brown is a composite color. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, brown is made by combining red, black, and yellow, or red, yellow, and blue. In the RGB color model used to project colors onto television screens and computer monitors, brown is made by combining red and green, in specific proportions. The brown color is seen widely in nature, in wood, soil, human hair color, eye color and skin pigmentation. Brown is the color of dark wood or rich soil. According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, brown is the least favorite color of the public; the color is most often associated with plainness, the rustic and poverty. History and art Ancient history Brown has been used in art since prehistoric times. Paintings using umber, a natural clay pigment composed of iron oxide and manganese oxide, have been dated to 40,000 BC.…

White color in history and art

White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue), because it fully reflects and scatters all the visible wavelengths of light. It is the color of fresh snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore a white toga as a symbol of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity. It was the royal color of the Kings of France, and of the monarchist movement that opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922). Greek and Roman temples were faced with white marble, and beginning in the 18th century, with the advent of neoclassical architecture, white became the most common color of new churches, capitols and other government buildings, especially in the United States. It was also…

Gray Color in history and art

Gray is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning literally that it is a color “without color.” It is the color of a cloud-covered sky, of ash and of lead. The first recorded use of grey as a color name in the English language was in AD 700. Grey is the dominant spelling in European and Commonwealth English, although gray remained in common usage in the UK until the second half of the 20th century. Gray has been the preferred American spelling since approximately 1825, although grey is an accepted variant. In Europe and the United States, surveys show that grey is the color most commonly associated with neutrality, conformity, boredom, uncertainty, old age, indifference, and modesty. Only one percent of respondents chose it as their favorite color. In history and art Antiquity through the Middle Ages In antiquity and the Middle…

Orange colour in history and art

Orange is the colour between yellow and red on the spectrum of visible light. Human eyes perceive orange when observing light with a dominant wavelength between roughly 585 and 620 nanometres. In painting and traditional colour theory, it is a secondary colour of pigments, created by mixing yellow and red. It is named after the fruit of the same name. The orange colour of carrots, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, oranges, and many other fruits and vegetables comes from carotenes, a type of photosynthetic pigment. These pigments convert the light energy that the plants absorb from the sun into chemical energy for the plants’ growth. Similarly the hues of autumn leaves are from the same pigment after chlorophyll is removed. In Europe and America, surveys show that orange is the colour most associated with amusement, the unconventional, extroverts, warmth, fire, energy, activity, danger, taste and aroma, Protestantism, the autumn and Allhallowtide seasons,…

Purple in history and art

Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red. It is similar to violet, but unlike violet, which is a spectral color with its own wavelength on the visible spectrum of light, purple is a composite color made by combining red and blue. According to surveys in Europe and the U.S., purple is the color most often associated with royalty, magic, mystery, and piety. When combined with pink, it is associated with eroticism, femininity, and seduction. Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates; it became the imperial color worn by the rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, and later by Roman Catholic bishops. Similarly in Japan, the color is traditionally associated with the Emperor and aristocracy. The complementary color of purple is yellow. In art, history and fashion In prehistory and the ancient world: Tyrian purple Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic…

Pink color in history and art

Pink is a pale red color that is named after a flower of the same name. It was first used as a color name in the late 17th century. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most often associated with charm, politeness, sensitivity, tenderness, sweetness, childhood, femininity and the romantic. It is associated with chastity and innocence when combined with white, but associated with eroticism and seduction when combined with purple or black. History, art and fashion From prehistory to post-classical history The color pink has been described in literature since ancient times. In the Odyssey, written in approximately 800 BCE, Homer wrote “Then, when the child of morning, rosy-fingered dawn appeared…” Roman poets also described the color. Roseus is the Latin word meaning “rosy” or “pink.” Lucretius used the word to describe the dawn in his epic poem On the Nature of Things…

Black color in history and art

Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, literally a color without hue, like white (its opposite) and gray. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness, while white represents light. Black ink is the most common color used for printing books, newspapers and documents, because it has the highest contrast with white paper and is the easiest to read. For the same reason, black text on a white screen is the most common format used on computer screens. In color printing it is used along with the subtractive primaries cyan, yellow, and magenta, in order to help produce the darkest shades. Black and white have often been used to describe opposites; particularly truth and ignorance, good and evil, the “Dark Ages” versus Age of Enlightenment. Since the Middle Ages black has been the symbolic…

Heritage and Cultural Tourism in Armenia

The Armenian Culture Tour is a fascinating and surprising exploration of Armenia’s hidden treasures. The Armenia Cultural Tours give a chance to learn customs and traditions of this country, try Armenian cuisine, see the oldest churches and castles, and enjoy breathtaking spirit of Armenian nature. As the earliest Christian country, Armenia’s culture, including traditional folk customs and living habits, has long been recorded in books, manuscripts and poems and passed down from generation to generation. Combining stunning scenery, landforms, people, traditions, religion, spirituality, architecture, gastronomy, and more, Armenia’s Culture Tours are filled with endless possibilities that are yet to be discovered. Time seems to pass more slowly in this land, after thousands of years of baptism, many allusions recorded in manuscripts can still be found in the vast land of Armenia. Fascinated by new cultures, lifestyles and traditions, The tour is also suit for fans of religious roots, bread making…

Guide of the Great Silk Road Tourism in Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is a the most populous country in Central Asia and is rich in history, culture, and diversity. The country of magnificent architecture and ancient traditions preserved a unique heritage,Uzbekistan is a mysterious country of the East, where the history of cities gathered in legends, where the sun shines all year round and this reflects the unique nature and beautiful hearts of people. Uzbekistan is attractive for its rich cultural and historical heritage, unique architecture and art. There are more than 7000 objects of cultural heritage in Uzbekistan, many of which are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The historical centers of Samarkand, Bukhara, Shakhrisabz and Khiva. A trip to Uzbekistan is unforgettable experience with the ancient cities, attracting with its unique architecture, monuments of cultural heritage, old shops and artisan’s workshops. Uzbekistan has been a part of numerous empires and was once the main centre of the Silk Road,…

Guide Tour of the Old harbour of Genoa, Italy

The Old harbour (Porto Antico) of Genoa is the heart of the city, a modern area in a thousand-year-old city, the junction point between the sea and the historic center. Porto Antico is the soul of the historic center and the largest square on the Mediterranean, it is the always open space where tourism, culture, congresses, fairs, shows, sports, boating, catering and shopping meet every day. The ancient port is a part of the port of Genoa currently used as a residential area, tourist, cultural and service center. As a gateway open to cultures, encounters and the future, in 1992 the old port area was redesigned by Renzo Piano,, on the occasion of the celebrations of the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America. The area hosted the exhibitions of Expo ’92 Genoa, were now extends in length from Piazza Cavour to Ponte Parodi and is bordered, on the upstream…

Review of Natale di Roma (Birth of Rome) 2022, Italy

The biggest festival of ancient rome in the world, Natale di Roma (Birth of Rome) in Italy, held on April 21 2022. Birth of Rome 2022 had 150,000 spectators in total in the 4 days of events. 9 different nations represented among the reenactors who came from all over the world. Televisions tell about the activities in Italian, French, Spanish, English and many other languages. Rome birth on April 21, 753 BC Romulus is said to have founded the city. With this date the chronology of the city begins. The rather round year is celebrated in a big way. The date was calculated by the astrologer Tarunzio, a friend of Cicero, shortly before the Christian era. Celebrate the 2775th Rome’s birthday in style on April 21, here is an impressive parade of about 2,000 participants, which begins at the Circo Massimo with historically accurate costumes, ranging from fierce centurions with…

Look back of the Roaring Twenties in Paris, the Années folles of France

The Années folles (means “crazy years” in French) was the decade of the 1920s in France. The term “Années folles” or “Roaring Twenties” retrospectively designate the European urban exuberance of the years following the First World War. After the First World War, Paris experienced ten years of effervescence (from 1920 to 1929) and total liberation which resonated like an enchanted parenthesis. Like the thirst for life that took hold of post-war France, the fashion of the 1920s was marked by an outpouring of creative energy, the effects of which would be visible throughout the 20th century. An immediate reaction to the horror of the trenches and its traumas, this era of dance, cinema, pleasure and the avant-garde hides, however, a sometimes darker reality. Thus Paris, a city-example of the creative and carefree vigor of the 1920s, harbored very diverse lifestyles, where the attraction for new forms of literature, fashion or…

Guide Tour of the Palais-Royal district, Paris, France

The Palais-Royal district is a high place for tourism and commerce, also for culture with the proximity of the Louvre museum and the Opéra Garnier. Quartier Palais-Royal is dominated by the Palais Royal, and contains the larger part of the busy cosmopolitan Avenue de l’Opera. Discover Palais Royal gardens that are both peaceful and majestic, lively streets full of art galleries and antique stores, bistros and brasseries. The Palais Royal surroundings appear almost to be an open-air museum and are home to an understated and sophisticated intellectual tier of Parisian society. The Quartier du Palais-Royal is the 3rd administrative district of Paris located in the 1st arrondissement. This area owes its name to the Palais Royal, a gigantic palatial complex surrounded by gardens to the north of the Louvre Palace. The Palais-Royal district is made up of a rectangle, limited to the west by rue Saint-Roch, to the east by…

Guide Tour of the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France

The 1st arrondissement of Paris, Also known as the arrondissement of Louvre, is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. The 1st arrondissement is full of attractions for travellers of all inclinations, including some of the finest parks, museums, shops, and bars in the city. A significant part of the area is occupied by the Louvre Museum and the Tuileries Gardens. The Forum des Halles is the largest shopping mall in Paris. Much of the remainder of the arrondissement is dedicated to business and administration. Historic heart of Paris, the 1st arrondissement is in essence the central arrondissement of Paris, boast of having such a concentration of historic buildings and works of art per square meter. For occupying such a compact space, the 1st arrondissement feels remarkably different from one end to the other. The 1st arrondissement is incredibly upscale and very affluent to the west,…

Guide Tour of Carnavalet Museum, Paris, France

The Musée Carnavalet is the Parisian municipal museum dedicated to the history of Paris from the origins of the city to the present day. Located in the Marais district at No. 23 rue de Sévigné in Paris, in the 3rd arrondissement, it presents collections on various themes: memories of the French Revolution, historical paintings, sculptures, furniture and decorations from the 17th and 18th centuries. th centuries, works of art, prints, etc. It is one of the fourteen museums of the city of Paris managed since January 1, 2013by the public administrative establishment Paris Musées. The current museum occupies two mansions from the 16th and 17th centuries, consists of the Hôtel Carnavalet itself, and the Hôtel Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, linked by a gallery on the first floor. In this remarkable architectural setting, you can discover the rich collections of the museum: medieval and Gallo-Roman archeological collection, mementos of the French…

Guide Tour of Musée des Archives Nationales, Paris, France

The Musée des Archives Nationales is a state museum of French history operated by the Archives Nationales. The museum features exhibitions drawn from the collections of the government archives and aims to provide document-based perspective on France’s history and the evolution of French society. The National Archives Museum introduces: on the one hand, a permanent tour around the most famous documents kept in the National Archives; on the other hand, temporary exhibitions based on the collections of the National Archives. National Archives Museum was first established under Napoleon III in 1867 with the direction of Léon de Laborde, exhibits archival documents held by the institution to the public. It is also known as the Museum of the History of France from 1939 to 2006. The National Archives are made up of three services with national competence: The National Archives in Paris, The Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer, The National Labor Archives. The…

Guide Tour of Hôtel de Ville, Paris, France

The Hôtel de Ville is the city hall of Paris, France, standing on the Place de l’Hôtel-de-Ville – Esplanade de la Libération in the 4th arrondissement. It has been the headquarters of the municipality of Paris since 1357. It serves multiple functions, housing the local government council, since 1977 the Mayor of Paris and her cabinet, and also serves as a venue for large receptions. Hotel de Ville is a major attraction, a convenient starting point for then discovering the Marais. It is also in the heart of a lively shopping area and near other cultural and tourist destinations. Centrally located along the Seine and Rue de Rivoli, next to a department store, within walking distance of many important Paris Neighborhoods. At the heart of much of the city’s rich history, this magnificent town hall is an architectural triumph. Look across the façade of the Hôtel de Ville to see…

History of Notre-Dame de Paris, France

Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral is one of the most iconic monuments in Paris and France. The cathedral is linked to many episodes in the history of France. Built in the 12th century,, its construction spanned approximately two centuries. modified in the 18th century then restored in the 19th century, it has been the symbol of Christian worship in Paris over the centuries. The history of the Cathedral is closely linked to the History of France, in the 4th century, with the advent of Clovis, Paris became the Christian capital of the Frankish kingdom. It was then that a first Saint-Etienne cathedral was built in the 6th century. The rise of the city began in the 12th century after the Norman invasions. Four popes stayed there during the century. The city prospers, it is a place of artistic and intellectual exchanges, equipped with colleges and a university of philosophy and theology.…

Napoleon at Fontainebleau, Château de Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne, France

Fontainebleau experienced a particularly sumptuous period under the First Empire (1804-1815), during Napoleon I’s visits (1804, 1807, 1809, 1810), which were full of political and family events, the Emperor’s deep attachment to the palace was confirmed. A new lease of life given to the palace, which had been stripped of its furnishings after the Revolution, and also thanks to the brilliant life that took place there. Napoleon I brought the Château de Fontainebleau back to life after the Revolution. He had it restored and furnished and made into one of his residences. A visit to this monument is a chance to discover the different facets of the Emperor: the statesman, the warlord, the head of the family and the promoter of the arts. Fontainebleau is therefore a key stage in the history of Napoleon. Every year, the Château de Fontainebleau is commemorating of Napoleon I with many highlights, notably: some…